Diritti del ricercatore e royalties non pagate su invenzione.
Con sentenza del Tribunale di Firenze Sez. Imprese, l’ente di ricerca è stato condannato a pagare le royalties maturate in favore del ricercatore.
Il ricercatore ha brevettato un’importante invenzione che poi l’ente di ricerca ha venduto ad una società privata con l’impegno di versare al ricercatore le royalties stabilite per legge.
L’ente di ricerca ha invece sempre pagato meno di quanto stabilito.
Di qui l’azione legale per richiedere la differenza fra quanto pagato dall’ente di ricerca e quanto sarebbe spettato al ricercatore per legge.
L’equo premio per le invenzioni operate da lavoratori dipendenti in occasione del rapporto di lavoro era riconosciuto dall’art. 23 R.D. 1127/1939 e dall’art. 34 TU 3/1957 (Testo Unico Impiegati Civili dello Stato), i quali affermavano la titolarità dei conseguenti brevetti in capo al datore di lavoro e il diritto all’equo premio in capo all’autore dell’invenzione.
L’art. 69 DPR 411/1976 ha demandato ai singoli Enti la disciplina dei criteri del premio e, in attuazione di tale disposto normativo, il XXX, ha adottato un Regolamento (verbale n. 1005.02B1 del 16.6.1982), che riconosceva al lavoratore, per i brevetti dell’Ente, un premo fino al 205 del fatturato da essi generato.
Successivamente, la L. 383/2001 (art. 7), poi trasfusa del Dlgs. 30/2005 (art. 65), ha invece previsto che titolare del brevetto è il ricercatore ma, in caso di sua utilizzazione economica, L’ente di appartenenza può determinare la percentuale dei proventi di spettanza sua (e/o del finanziatore), salvo comunque il diritto all’autore almeno del 50%.
Conseguentemente, anche il CNR ha adottato un nuovo Regolamento (n. 122/2013), che riconosce all’inventore il premio nella misura del 50%.
Ciò premesso, ritiene il CNR che il premio spettante all’inventore sia da contenere nella misura del 20%, poiché la sua invenzione si è tradotta in un brevetto conseguito nel gennaio 2001, prima della entrata in vigore della L. 383/2001; infatti l’art. 7 di tale legge, sia l’art. 243 del successivo D. Lgs. 30/2005 dispongono che la nuova disciplina (comprendente, appunto, la previsione di un premio minimo spettante all’autore dell’invenzione, pari alla metà dei proventi realizzati) trova applicazione alle invenzioni conseguite successivamente all’entrata in vigore dell’art. 24 bis RD 1127/1939 (introdotto, appunto, dalla L. 383/2001).
Per le invenzioni conseguite – tali essendo quelle trasfuse in un brevetto – prima di quella data (25.10.2001) dovrebbe applicarsi la disciplina previgente, compreso il Regolamento 1005.02.B1/1982.
L’assunto non è condivisibile. Come affermato anche dalla Corte di Appello di Firenze, nel giudizio di impugnazione della sentenza che ha sostanzialmente rigettato l’opposizione al primo decreto ingiuntivo ottenuto dal ricercatore, per quanto sia vero che l’art. 65 D. Lgs. 30/2005 non trova applicazione al caso di specie per essere l’invenzione in oggetto antecedente all’entrata in vigore dell’art. 24 bis RD 1127/1939, è anche vero che il CNR ha poi adottato il Regolamento n. 122/2013, il quale riconosce il premio nella misura del 50% anche per le procedure relative ai diritti di proprietà intellettuale del CNR in corso alla data (1.12.2013) di sua entrata in vigore (art. 29).
Considerato che il premio all’inventore è sempre stato corrisposto annualmente, sulla base del fatturato conseguito l’anno precedente, è perciò da condividere l’interpretazione della Corte, laddove ha ritenuto che la locuzione “procedure in corso” necessariamente rimandi a “invenzioni conseguite” anteriormente, ma per le quali i rapporti giuridici non siano ancora esauriti, in particolare per il fatto che il diritto al premio matura anno dopo anno e non era già interamente sorto prima della approvazione del nuovo Regolamento.
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